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BreviariumDivinum OfficiumEcclesiae CatholicaePio V1568Iesus Christus ApostolisS. Iustinisaeculo IVEtheriaeHierosolymamLaudesVesperaequeorationespsalmorumSaec. autem XIS. Franciscus a Assisisaec. XIIIConciliumTridentinum15451563LiturgiamPius V1568saec. XXPio X1911Pio XII1945Ioanne XXIII1962HiemalisVernaAestiva1960Breviarium Pauli VIOecumenici Concilii Vaticani II





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Breviarium Romanum liber liturgicus precationem Ecclesiae officiale ad laudes Deo persolvendas per diei horas distributam continens dicitur, et proinde modum Divinum Officium iuxta consuetudinem Romanae Ecclesiae solvendi (et tardius omnis Ritus Latini Ecclesiae Catholicae indicat. Hunc nomen speciatim liber a S. Pio V Pont. Max. post Concilium Tridentinum a. D. 1568 exaratum recipit.



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Dominus noster Iesus Christus, totam per suam mortale vitam inter homines orationis Patri suo praeclarum exemplum dedit, atque Apostolis suis mandatum sine intermissione precandi quoque intulit. Apostoles suos ipsos post Domini nostri in caelos gloriosam Ascensionem copiose in Actibus Apostolorum orantes invenimus. Exinde a primis Ecclesiae saeculis consuetudo christifidelibus certis horis ad laudes Deo fundendas conveniendi fuit -vel a solo illas pro necessitate precandi-, ut per verba S. Iustini martyris, qui nobis de "orationibus canonicis", id est, orationes quae quibusdam diei horis fiebantur loquitur, et aliorum Patrum videre possumus.


Proinde, iam a saeculo IV, ut per Etheriae peregrinationem ad Hierosolymam perspicimus, totum precationis ordinem iuxta noctis dieique horas vel vigilias structum erat. Horae autem principales Laudes matutinae Vesperaeque, utpote orationes propriae ad matutinum et ad vesperum, a principio fuerunt. E contra, horae nocturnae -per amplum temporis spatium protractae- Vigiliae dictae sunt. Praecipua autem orationis huius pars, non solum ad Vigilias, sed etiam ad alias horas, psalmodia semper fuit, id est, psalmorum precatio secundum quasdam leges vel consuetudines, quae cursus dicebantur. Postea horae minores e consuetudine monastica ortae sunt, nempe Prima, Tertia, Sexta, Nona, et Completorium. Hae utique Officii Divini exinde horae fuerunt, id est: Vigiliae -communiter Matutinum dictae-, Laudes, Prima, Tertia, Sexta, Nona, Vesperae et Completorium.


Saec. autem XI mediante, Officium Divinum ita suis in elementis creverat, ut de necessitate varios ad illud persolvendum libros utendi, necessarium visum est unicum librum principalia tantum elementa Officii continentem edere. Hic liber Breviarii nomen accepit, pro eo quod abbreviatum Officium continebat, concinnatum autem iuxta consuetudines quarumcumque Dioeceseum vel Ordinum religiosarum. Deinde S. Franciscus a Assisi, saec. XIII, pro amore suo erga Romanam Ecclesiam, mandatum Ordini ab illo fundatae semper in liturgicis libros romanos uti dedit. Sic autem Fratres minores libros "secundum consuetudinem romanae curiae", et utique Breviarium, totum per orbem diffuderunt.


Concilium denique Tridentinum -1545-1563- mandatum totam Liturgiam instaurandi dedit, ita ut si in liturgicis libris quoddam inadaequatum adhibitum erat, hoc studiose ab illis reiciendum esse. S. Pius V, Pont. Max., hoc opus accepit et in ea impensius adlaboravit, reddens Breviarium et Missale ad pristinam suam formam "iuxta sanctorum Patrum norman ac ritum". Sic quoque a. D. 1568 Breviarium Romanum ex Decreto Sacrosancti Concilii Tridentini restitutum edidit, quod usque ad saec. XX immutatum permansit, exceptis nova ordinatione cursus Psalterii per hebdomadam distributi a S. Pio X edita -1911-, nova versione latina eiusdem Psalterii a Pio XII edita -1945-, et novis rubricis totius libri a B. Ioanne XXIII promulgatis. Novissima versio Breviarii Romani a. D. 1962 exarata fuit.


Breviarium Romanum in quattuor voluminibus distribuebatur, nempe Pars Autumnalis, Pars Hiemalis, Pars Verna et Pars Aestiva. Post autem rubricarum a. D. 1960 promulgationem, communiter in duobus voluminibus distribuitur, id est, Pars Prima, et Pars Altera, vel in uno tantum, quod Totum dicitur.


Breviarium Pauli VI quod Liturgia Horarum dicitur et generalis est norma ad Officium persolvendum iuxta Ritum Romanum, secundum praescriptiones Oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II concinnatum est, Psalterium per IV hebdomadas distribuens.



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